This paper describes the field and laboratory testing as well as the engineering analysis required for freezing to permit excavation below the existing liner plates and into the underlying bedrock.
Read MoreGrouting for Freezing
This paper details the field procedures used to locate unfrozen zones, numeric modeling techniques to verify the effect of the groundwater velocity on the freezing process and the grouting procedures used to reduce the permeability. Methods of drilling and installing the grout pipes as well as grout mixtures against frozen ground are discussed.
Read MoreForensics by Freezing
This paper presents case histories where ground freezing was used as a remedial technique for slurry diaphragm walls, jet grouted base seals and secant pile excavation support. The paper evaluates the soil conditions and provides a forensic analysis of the cause of the complications that lead to the need to implement ground freezing.
Read MoreCoupled Heat Transfer and Groundwater Flow Models for Ground Freezing
Recent software developments have introduced models that couple the traditional heat transfer model with groundwater flow models to evaluate the required freezing time for ground freezing systems and to evaluate the required refrigeration loads. This paper discusses the application of these models and compares them to actual field results on key ground freezing projects.
Read MoreShaft Freezing in Buenos Aires
Ground freezing was used to complete a shaft excavation that had been previously attempted using a slurry diaphragm wall and jet grouting. The freezing was completed around both the damaged shaft and the existing tunnel.
Read MoreGround Freezing for Tunnel Cross Passages
By freezing the zone between the two larger tunnels, the contractor can mine through the hard, water-tight ground without collapse or groundwater infiltration.
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