Ground Freezing’s history, components (Analysis and design, Drilling and installation, Coolant distribution manifold, Refrigeration plant, Instrumentation, and Excavation), and historical and current use cases and implementations.
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Ground Freezing for Two Frozen Shafts at the Bergen Point Outfall Tunnel
Construction of a 9700m, 180cm diameter effluent pipeline required tunnelling from an existing sewage treatment plant to a barrier island outfall structure. Construction of the tunnel required a launching shaft at the plant and a receiving shaft at the barrier island. Artificial ground freezing was specified as the method to provide temporary earth support and groundwater control at the launching shaft and selected by the contractor for the receiving shaft.
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Ground Freezing on a Large Scale and its Historical Importance in Deep Mine Development
This article reviews past mine projects throughout the world where ground freezing was essential for successful shaft sinking and surface drift construction.
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Design of ground freezing for cross passages and tunnel adits
Ground freezing has been used extensively in the last ten years for the construction of transit tunnel cross passages and SEM tunnels, as well as short adits for utility tunnels. This paper discusses the design procedures related to frost action.
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Factor of safety in ground freezing design
Design of frozen earth structures for shafts, tunnels, and cross passages has evolved since the publication of guidelines in 2002 by the Working Committee of the International Sym-posium on Ground Freezing. The finite element model allows more specific analysis of a frozen structure cross section and adjusting strength parameters based on temperature and time-dependent strength reduction.
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New Design Method for Frozen Earth Shaft Support
The first documented procedures for designing frozen earth structures are over 50 years old, implemented long before the introduction of the Finite Element Method (FEM). Since that time, the development of three-dimensional models has made the traditional and often over-conservative methods relatively obsolete.
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