the definitive ground freezing resource
There has been a trend in recent years in performing the initial formation freezing using liquid nitrogen (LIN) and then converting the system to circulating refrigerated brine. While proponents of this method state it decreases freezing time, it can also be considered an alternative to inadequate refrigeration capacity.
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Ground freezing offers several advantages over other methods of ground improvement. The design of frozen Earth structure for cross passage excavation is discussed.
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Ground freezing from the surface was selected as the the most technically appropriate method to provide temporary earth support and groundwater control during sewer tunnel construction as part of of D.C. Water’s Clean River Project. In addition, ground freezing provided significant advantages to accommodating the citizens in the neighborhood.
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This paper describes the field and laboratory testing as well as the engineering analysis required for freezing to permit excavation below the existing liner plates and into the underlying bedrock.
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This paper details the field procedures used to locate unfrozen zones, numeric modeling techniques to verify the effect of the groundwater velocity on the freezing process and the grouting procedures used to reduce the permeability. Methods of drilling and installing the grout pipes as well as grout mixtures against frozen ground are discussed.
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This paper presents case histories where ground freezing was used as a remedial technique for slurry diaphragm walls, jet grouted base seals and secant pile excavation support. The paper evaluates the soil conditions and provides a forensic analysis of the cause of the complications that lead to the need to implement ground freezing.
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