Two deep shafts and three frozen earth cofferdams were constructed in highly organic silt deposits in the downtown area of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A numeric thermal analysis was used to model the freezing time and proved to be a successful tool in predicting the advance and final thickness of a frozen wall.
Read MoreBushwick Shaft 20B
Installed and maintained a ground freezing system around the perimeter of the 46-foot diameter shaft, extending approximately 300 feet into bedrock…
Read MoreFrozen Earth Cofferdam Design
Structures designed to transfer storm runoff water from surface collector systems to deep large diameter tunnels pass through a variety of subsurface soils in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area. During construction, problems developed relative to the use of conventional earth support systems. Ground freezing was selected for temporary ground support and ground water control…
Read MoreAquarius Project – Artificial Ground Freezing
To extract minerals, while protecting neighboring bodies of water and preventing inflows of groundwater to the mine excavation, a frozen earth barrier was constructed around the perimeter of the proposed Aquarius open pit gold mine in Timmins, Ontario.
Read MoreGround Freezing for Tunnel Support
This paper discusses the construction approach to using ground freezing for the first time to freeze a substantial length of tunnel for TBM mining. Techniques including the complex drilling program, aluminum refrigeration pipes, and instrumentation are discussed. Read More
Ground Freezing for Tunnel Support
Ground Freezing for Tunnel Support
No. 7 Line Subway Extension
New York City
Joseph A. Sopko, Ph.D., P.E.
Michele R. Norman
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