Ground freezing, using liquid nitrogen to create a strong watertight frozen earth envelopes around a Tunnel Boring Machine…
Read MoreNS-10 Junction Chamber
A frozen earth cofferdam was formed for the construction of a sewer junction chamber. Ground freezing provided a watertight connection between tunnel and junction chamber and also a safe watertight connection between the junction chamber and river crossing tunnel…
Read MoreNS-10 Shafts and Ancillary Structures (1990)
Two deep shafts and three frozen earth cofferdams were constructed in highly organic silt deposits in the downtown area of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A numeric thermal analysis was used to model the freezing time and proved to be a successful tool in predicting the advance and final thickness of a frozen wall.
Read MoreBushwick Shaft 20B
Installed and maintained a ground freezing system around the perimeter of the 46-foot diameter shaft, extending approximately 300 feet into bedrock…
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Ground Freezing for Tunnel Support
Ground Freezing for Tunnel Support
No. 7 Line Subway Extension
New York City
Joseph A. Sopko, Ph.D., P.E.
Michele R. Norman
