Ground freezing was chosen to safely maintain stability, restrict groundwater inflow and limit settlement of the overlying structures to support hand-mining excavation.
Read MoreNS-10 Shafts and Ancillary Structures (1990)
Two deep shafts and three frozen earth cofferdams were constructed in highly organic silt deposits in the downtown area of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A numeric thermal analysis was used to model the freezing time and proved to be a successful tool in predicting the advance and final thickness of a frozen wall.
Read MoreBushwick Shaft 20B
Installed and maintained a ground freezing system around the perimeter of the 46-foot diameter shaft, extending approximately 300 feet into bedrock…
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