This paper details the field procedures used to locate unfrozen zones, numeric modeling techniques to verify the effect of the groundwater velocity on the freezing process and the grouting procedures used to reduce the permeability. Methods of drilling and installing the grout pipes as well as grout mixtures against frozen ground are discussed.
Read MoreGround Freezing for Tunnel Cross Passages
By freezing the zone between the two larger tunnels, the contractor can mine through the hard, water-tight ground without collapse or groundwater infiltration.
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