the definitive ground freezing resource
Ground freezing from the surface was selected as the the most technically appropriate method to provide temporary earth support and groundwater control during sewer tunnel construction as part of of D.C. Water’s Clean River Project. In addition, ground freezing provided significant advantages to accommodating the citizens in the neighborhood.
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This paper describes the field and laboratory testing as well as the engineering analysis required for freezing to permit excavation below the existing liner plates and into the underlying bedrock.
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This paper details the field procedures used to locate unfrozen zones, numeric modeling techniques to verify the effect of the groundwater velocity on the freezing process and the grouting procedures used to reduce the permeability. Methods of drilling and installing the grout pipes as well as grout mixtures against frozen ground are discussed.
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This paper presents case histories where ground freezing was used as a remedial technique for slurry diaphragm walls, jet grouted base seals and secant pile excavation support. The paper evaluates the soil conditions and provides a forensic analysis of the cause of the complications that lead to the need to implement ground freezing.
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Recent software developments have introduced models that couple the traditional heat transfer model with groundwater flow models to evaluate the required freezing time for ground freezing systems and to evaluate the required refrigeration loads. This paper discusses the application of these models and compares them to actual field results on key ground freezing projects.
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By freezing the zone between the two larger tunnels, the contractor can mine through the hard, water-tight ground without collapse or groundwater infiltration.
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